Self and Memory

1. 1901-1935: Four Positions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 A. Freud..................................................... ....... 202 B. Clapan!de......... ..................................... ....... 203 C. Bartlett.. ......................................................... 204 D. Koffka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 E. Summary of the Early Views of Self and Memory ............ ........... 209 II. 1977 Onward: D~~overy of the Self-Reference Effect ............. . . . .. ... 210 A. Rogers and Kuiper .. .............................................. 210 B. Markus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 C. Keenan and Baillet. . . .. .................................... 211 D. Bower and Gilligan.. ...... ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .... ..... .. . 212 E. Comment on Interpretations of Self-Reference Effects ..................... 213 Ill. Memory When Self Is Involved. .. ....................................... 214 A. Self-Generation of Study Material Facilitates Recall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 B. Egocentric Perspective Facilitates Recall ................................ 218 C. Ego-Involvement: Persisting Tasks Facilitate Recall ....................... 220 IV. Theoretical Synthesis ................................................... 223 A. Three Self/Memory Effects ............................................... 223 B. Properties of the Self System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 C. Explanation of the Self/Memory Effects in Terms of the Self System . . . . . . . . . 225 V. Scope and Importance of the Self System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 A. Implicit Theories of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 B. The Self System and the Episodic-Semantic Distinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 C. Theoretical Status of the Self. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 D. Unfinished Business. .. ............................................. 232 References. . . . . . . . .. . ............ .................................. 233